Caros Leitores;
Old London Bridge (1209–1831) refers to several historic crossings that have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark, in central London since Roman times.
After the murder of his former friend and later opponent Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, King Henry II commissioned a new stone bridge in place of the old, with a chapel at its centre dedicated to Becket as martyr. The Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge became the official start of pilgrimage to his Canterbury shrine; it was grander than some town parish churches, and had an additional river-level entrance for fishermen and ferrymen. Building work began in 1176.
In 1202, before Colechurch's death, Isembert, a French monk who was renowned as a bridge builder, was appointed by King John to complete the project. Construction was not finished until 1209. There were houses on the bridge from the start; this was a normal way of paying for the maintenance of a bridge. From 1282 two bridge wardens were responsible for maintaining the bridge. The only two collapses occurred when maintenance had been neglected, in 1281 (5 arches) and 1437 (2 arches).
The current crossing, which opened to traffic in 1973, is a box girder bridge built from concrete and steel. It replaced a 19th-century stone-arched bridge, which in turn superseded a 600-year-old stone-built medieval structure. In addition to the roadway, for much of its history, the broad medieval bridge supported an extensive built up area of homes and businesses part of the City's Bridge Ward and its southern end in Southwark was guarded by a large stone City gateway. The medieval bridge was preceded by a succession of timber bridges, the first of which was built by the Roman founders of London (Londinium) around 50 AD.
London Bridge has been depicted in its several forms, in art, literature, and songs, including the nursery rhyme "London Bridge Is Falling Down", and the epic poem The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot.
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Fonte:https://twitter.com/hamerba/status/1758932681331486859
Acompanha e divulga os conteúdos científicos da NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), ESA (European Space Agency) e outras organizações científicas e tecnológicas.
Web Science Academy; Hélio R.M.Cabral (Economista, Escritor e Divulgador de conteúdos da Astronomia, Astrofísica, Astrobiologia e Climatologia).Participou do curso (EAD) de Astrofísica, concluído em 2020, pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC).
Autor do livro: “Conhecendo o Sol e outras Estrelas” e "Conhecendo a Energia produzida no Sol".
Participa do projeto S`Cool Ground Observation (Observações de Nuvens) que é integrado ao Projeto CERES (Clouds and Earth´s Radiant Energy Systemo) administrado pela NASA. A partir de 2019, tornou-se membro da Sociedade Astronômica Brasileira (SAB), como astrônomo amador.
Participa também do projeto The Globe Program / NASA Globe Cloud, um Programa de Ciência e Educação Worldwide, que também tem o objetivo de monitorar o Clima em toda a Terra. Este projeto é patrocinado pela NASA e National Science Fundation (NSF), e apoiado pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) e U.S Department of State.
>Autor de cinco livros, que estão sendo vendidos nas livrarias Amazon, Book Mundo e outras.
Acesse, o link da Livraria> https://www.orionbook.com.br/
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